Sch 40 aluminum pipe dimensions in inches. 61 inches, and it weighs .

Sch 40 aluminum pipe dimensions in inches. 1 gallon (U. Buy 4" Nom. This is the most versatile of the heat treatable aluminum alloys. 10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME/ANSI B36. Select the nominal pipe diameter from the available form. botopsteelpipe. Od and nominal pipe sizes. 091 0. 391 1 1. of water weighs 62. The steel pipe data chart below can be used to find pipe sizes, diameters, wall thickness, working pressures and more The chart is based on ASME/ANSI B 36. 294 3/4 1. ALUMINUM PIPE – Schedule 40 – 6061-T6 & 6063-T6 1/8 0. Flanges are standardized according publications from organizations like ASME, MSS, API and others. 61 inches, and it weighs . 000 inch x Sch 40 Pipe – actual wall thk is 0. 10, check Weight Chart, Size, wall thickness area, and pressure rating. 6061 Aluminum pipe is made from one of the most widely used heat treatable aluminum alloys. In other words, SCH 40 doesn’t mean the pipe is 40 millimeters or 40 inches in diameter. Dimensions for this pipe are 10. Mar 2, 2018 · Share post: Schedule 40 Pipe 6 Inch DN150 Schedule 40 Pipe 6 Inch (DN150 mm) Standard : ANSI/ASME B36. ALUMINUM PIPE SCHEDULES Pipe SizeInches ScheduleNumber Diameter, Inches WallThickness WeightLbs/Ft OD ID Use our ANSI Pipe Schedule Chart to determine the nominal pipe size, wall thickness, weight and schedule designations of carbon and stainless steel pipes. General seamless steel pipe, spiral steel pipe is used Ф to identify the specification size, labeled into the outer diameter X wall thickness of the form. Spacing and capacities are based on water filled pipe. 3 mm – Pipe Wall Thickness : 7. 10M-1995 Wrought Steel Pipe seamless and welded. Buy 1 1/2" Nom. 41 lbs. 19M. 10M and API 5L . com. 335 lbs. Click to know about SCH 40 Pipe Dimensions, Wall Thickness, Weight Chart, Pressure Ratings, Chemical Compositions & Grades. Customary Units. , Sch 40, Sch 80) to indicate their pressure-handling capabilities and applications. 49 mm – Pipe Weight : 11. 6061 Aluminum alloy offers a wide range of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. We supply a vast selection of aluminum tubing and pipe in various alloys, diameters, and lengths, cut to size for your convenience, including 6061 and 6063 alloys. size. Schedule 40 steel pipe Supplier & Exporter. 109 inch Wall), 47 inches long. Manufactured according to ASME B36. Largest selection of steel pipe at wholesale prices. Carbon steel pipe Schedule 40 is a medium pressure range pipe with a maximum diameter of 24 inches and a maximum wall thickness of 46 mm. This article Based on Mss Table 3 & 4 Based on ASTM A53-86 * Many codes require pipe hangers to be spaced every 10 ft. Flange dimensions are determined by the pipe size and the pressure class required for the application. 6061 is used where appearance and Find detailed dimensions for steel pipes and tubes according to SCH 10, SCH 20, SCH 30, SCH 40, SCH 60, SCH 80, SCH 100, and SCH 120. 26 Kilogram per meter (kg/m) Nominal pipe size (NPS) or inside diameter (ID), and pipe schedule (SCH 40 or SCH 80) referring to the wall thickness please contact us of you are unsure of dimensions. Size in Inches Stock Code (Size OD x ID x Wall) Aluminium Aluminum Schedule 40 Pipe specifications Aluminum Schedule 40 Pipe Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Wall 3/8" 0,675 0,09 1/2" 0,84 0,109 3/4" 1,05 0,113 1" 1,315 0,133 1 1/4" 1,66 0,14 1 1/2" 1,9 0,145 2" 2,375 0,154 2 1/2" 2,875 0,203 3" 3,5 0,216 3… Continue Reading Aluminum Schedule 40 Pipe specifications Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of threads for ANSI schedule 40 steel pipes. 133” 1. 6061 aluminum pipe applications include a wide variety of products from medical assemblies, aircraft Quick Quote Essential pipe schedule standards: sch40 and sch80 Sch40 (Schedule 40) and Sch80 (Schedule 80) are standards used to describe the wall thickness and thickness of pipes, commonly applied to metal pipes including aluminum pipes. 19‌ standard ‌23 is the size standard for stainless steel pipes. ) weighs 8. com/steel-pipe-dimensions-sizes Mar 24, 2025 · Steel pipe diameters refers to the outer diameter of a pipe. The schedule number on pipe is related to the thickness of the pipe wall as the number increases, the wall thickness becomes thicker. 1. Learn about its wall thickness, common sizes, & why it’s a preferred choice in various industries. 6061-T6 x 20’ SCH 40 Aluminum Pipe Mill Order Items: Not in Stock - Custom Sizes & Lengths Available - Minimum Order Required Nominal Dimensions of Pipe Revised 24/01/2012 Nominal Pipe Size Wall Thickness (mm) Outside Diameter Stainless Steel Aluminum pipe is designed to carry liquids and gas from one place to another. It is the schedule number that determines the approximate inside diameter. a The steel pipe data chart below can be used to find pipe sizes, diameters, wall thickness, working pressures and more The chart is based on ASME/ANSI B 36. Know complete information about Schedule 40 Steel Pipe, Alloy and Carbon Steel SCH 40 Pipe Size Chart as per ASME B36. The higher the value, the thicker the wall and the more suitable it is for higher pressures or corrosive environments, e. Why is it called schedule 40 pipe? The pipe numbers are non-dimensional. The calculator shows the outside and inside diameter of the pipe for a standard pipe weight. 9 mm – Pipe Wall Thickness : 5. 10 (Steel Pipe) – Size : NPS 40 Inch – Size : DN1000 mm – Inside Dimeter (Pipe ID) : 996. Find out more with Supply Rite Steel. For your convenience STANDARD schedules and EXTRA HEAVY schedules. 5” OD x 4. The sizes with an alloy specified on the chart are items we have on hand. 068 0. Data given in based on the NPS Tables given by ANSI B36. For example, NPS 14 Sch 40 has an OD of 14 inches (360 mm) and a wall thickness of 0. 5 flanges - 1/4 to 24 inches - Class 150 to 2500. Mar 3, 2018 · Share post: Schedule STD Pipe 40 Inch DN1000 Schedule STD Pipe 40 Inch (DN1000 mm) Standard : ANSI/ASME B36. For pipe schedule chart in mm and more explanations please visit: http://www. Aluminum Bus Pipe - Seamless & Structural 6101-T6 or 6063-T6 SCHEDULE 40 - Nominal Dimensions SCHEDULE 80 - Nominal Dimensions INCHES 1/2 3/4 Browse Eastern Metal's selectin of extruded aluminum pipe, available in all standard sizes and alloys such as 6061 and 6063. ANSI Schedule 40 Steel Pipes-Dimensions Based on ASTM A53 - Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless. ) for wall thickness. Calculate pipe weight Calculate the weight of individual pipes and the entire pipeline made of carbon steel pipes. 11 mm – Pipe Weight : 28. 109 0. 147 3/8 0. com supplies Aluminum Schedule 40 Pipe in 6061T6 and 6063T5 cut to size with no minimum order. No single recommendation will be correct for all possible circumstances, but the table below can be used as a general guidance for water flow capacity in Steel pipes schedule 40. In most Free resource: pipe size conversion tables. Click to Print Our Pipe Chart Common Hot-Finished Tubing Sizes Need a size of carbon steel tubing not on the ANSI Pipe Chart? We can help. What is the meaning of Schedule 40 pipe? Based on the NPS and schedule of a pipe, the pipe outside diameter (OD) and wall thickness can be obtained from reference tables such as those below, which are based on ASME standards B36. 54 Kilogram per meter (kg/m) A Pipe Schedule Chart defines the relationship between Nominal Pipe Size (NPS), outer diameter (OD), and wall thickness. 10: For full table with higher Schedules - rotate the screen! Aluminum Pipe 6061 is a tubular shaped pipe of 6061 aluminum alloy. 10M, which is the standard governing seamless and welded steel pipe dimensions. Best price of Schedule 40 Mild Steel Pipe in Asia, MS Seamless Pipe Size range as per ANSI B36. Aluminum Pipe 6061-T6 Schedule 40 & 80 Extruded Structural Pipe 6061 - T6 Schedule 40 Specifications: ASTM B 221 Stocked in 20 foot lengths SCHEDULE 40 PIPE DIMENSIONS CHART Schedule 40 pipe dimensions and weights according to ASME B36. 1 mm). 365 Wall, and 10. For other pipe weight than standard SCH 40 select one from the list below the form. It is weld-able using all methods including furnace brazing. 675 0. Used in a range of applications. 19 Stainless Steel Pipe. Cut to size available. Price and Shop today! Mar 26, 2024 · How thick is 6 schedule 40 pipe? And what is the Pressure rating of 2 inch schedule 40 pipe? Use this table to help you quickly find the required NPS, ID, OD, Wall Thickness, Weight, and Maximum Pressure of Schedule 40 Steel Pipe. You can buy aluminum products come in many different sizes and shapes including bars, angles, rounds, plates, channels and beams. Including its outer diameter, wall thickness, Schedule and other information, you can find the steel pipe you want at a glance. The ultimate guide to carbon steel pipe sizing information. Schedule 40 pipe dimensions is a commonly used specification for pipes, denoting wall thickness in a range of nominal pipe sizes. Buy 1 1/4" Nom. ASME B36. Closer hanger spacing may be required where additional valves and fittings increase the load. Stainless Steel SCH40s Pipe, Schedule 40 SS 304 pipe, Check Schedule 40 Stainless Steel Pipe Strength Steel pipes are fabricated in different schedules within set industrial standards and have different thicknesses of the wall. Shop for steel pipe at America's Metal Superstore. NPS is a North American standard set of measurements that designate pipe diameter and pipe wall thickness (schedule). Same and Next Day Delivery. There are many levels of carbon and different chemical compositions. 5 inch Schedule 40 Pipe has a 1. ‌ASME B36. Apr 24, 2024 · Tuspipe is a major supplier and manufacturer of Sch 40 carbon pipe products. Schedule 40 for a pipe is identical to Schedule STD for pipe sizes up to NPS 10. 24/7 - 365 days of the year availability, industry leading turnaround times, and the ability to customize any part to your needs makes us the ideal fit for your next project, no matter how big or small. Online design tool for hot water heating systems. 405 0. It is available in the clad form ("Alclad") with a thin surface layer of high purity aluminum to improve both appearance and corrosion resistance. 120” wall thickness This difference occurs because the wall thickness, defined by the schedule (e. Pipe sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, moment of inertia, transverse area, weight of pipe filled with water - U. View our helpful charts for schedule 40 and standard IPS PVC, stainless steel, and brass nipples and piping. and MyAluminumSupply. Aluminum Supply, Inc. Free online design tool for designing hot water heating systems - metric units. 92 mm – Outside Dimeter (Pipe OD) : 88. ANSI Pipe Chart Use our ANSI Pipe Chart to determine the nominal pipe size, wall thickness, weight and schedule designations. , Sch 10, Sch 40, Sch 80), reduces the actual ID. 08 mm – Outside Dimeter (Pipe OD) : 168. Below is the examples of it. regardless of 1 Cubic Ft. Maximum water flow capacities in steel pipes - pipe dimensions ranging 2 - 24 inches. There are two Commonly used standers in USA ANSI (American National Standards Institute) ANSI is a private nonprofit organization For pipe schedule chart in inch and more explanations please visit: http://www. 540 0. 10M standard. Aluminum pipe is approximately one third the weight of steel pipe, greatly reducing the structural load on your building. Find exact measurements, Sizes, and compliance standards. Choose from our selection of aluminum (Schedule 40) pipe, including metal pipe and pipe fittings, plastic pipe and pipe fittings, and more. 260” ID x . 179” 2. It is easily fabricated and has good formability. It is typically used in aerospace, automotive, cameras, couplings Diameters and bolt circles for standard ASME B16. 000 inch x Sch 80 Pipe – actual wall thk is 0. 026” ID x . A pipe, unlike tubing, is typically measured and called out by nominal pipe size (NPS) or inside diameter, organized in a pipe size chart. 824 0. 10 Schedule 40 Carbon Steel Pipe chart, dimensions, weight, Supplier and exporter of SCH 40 Pipe in API 5L, Schedule 40 Pipe Wall Thickness, Alloy & Carbon Steel SCH 40 Pipe Size Chart as per ASME B36. Standardization of wrought steel Pipe schedule and pipe sizes began with the mass production era. Schedule 40 Steel Pipe Supplier & Exporter. With the modernizing of Notes: Data is based on Schedule 40 Steel Pipe and 125# Flanges Bolt length is based on (2) washers, (1) lock washer and (1) nut Steel Pipe Dimensions (Schedule 40, 80 Pipe) In piping systems or laying pipelines, it is very essential to understand the standard pipe sizes in mm required for their selection in order to maintain optimum performance. This pipe size charts categorize pipes into schedules (e. Check local codes. 10, ASTM A106/A53 Grade B, A333 Gr 6, A335 P22/ P11/ P9 material in India. 40 I. Looking for a complete pipe size dimensions chart? Explore all schedule standards with detailed specifications for various pipe sizes to ensure project accuracy. 1/2 inch Pipe (0. Aluminum Pipe 6061-T6 Schedule 40 & 80 Extruded Structural Pipe 6061 - T6 Schedule 40 Specifications: ASTM B 221 Stocked in 20 foot lengths Pipe Schedule Number is the standard method to define the thickness of the pipes used in Process Plants. Wall thickness values are presented in accordance with the following schedule classifications: Standard Pipe Schedule Table NominalPipe Size(inches) OutsideDiameter(inches) Wall This alloy is most often found in various interior and exterior architectural applications, such as windows, doors, store fronts and assorted trim items. Applications: This grade is used for a wide variety of products and applications from truck bodies and frames to screw machine parts and structural components. A 4-inch Schedule 40 pipe has the measurements: 4. Nominal wall thickness of seamless and welded carbon and alloy steel pipes Nominal wall thickness for seamless and welded steel pipes according ANSI B36. 10. Our unthreaded pipe allows for welded connections and can be cut-to-size as needed. At that time, pipes were available in only three sizes standard weight (STD), extra-strong (XS), and double extra-strong (XXS), based on the iron pipe size (IPS) system. These pipes can undergo two different zinc Specific pipe is identified by pipe diameter and another non-dimensional number for wall thickness referred to as the Schedule (Sched. The size of pipes varies based on diameter, wall thickness, and schedule of pipes, and specification of those is available either in imperial or metric systems. Any Quantity, Any Size, Delivered Anywhere! Dimensions and weights of steel tubes according BS EN 10255. This standard specifies the standardized parameters for welded (seamless) steel pipes under high temperature, high pressure and low temperature environments. Choose from our selection of steel (Schedule 40) pipe, including metal pipe and pipe fittings, plastic pipe and pipe fittings, and more. 6061 T6 aluminum is commonly used for a wide range of products and applications including fishing reels, truck frames, structural components, machine parts, aircraft and aerospace components, marine fittings, camera Pipe size is specified by two designations: a nominal pipe size (NPS) for diameter based on inches, and a schedule (Sched. S. 02 ID. com Arial Apr 11, 2025 · This reference compilation presents comprehensive pipe schedule data across the complete spectrum of standard nominal pipe sizes (NPS) ranging from NPS 1/8 to NPS 48, including non-standard intermediate sizes. through 12 dia. The parameters for each schedule are determined by the ASME B36. Section 6 Aluminum-Pages 73-84 Dec 6, 2014 · Wall thickness dimensions for standard steel, plastic and other pipe schedules for NPS and DN designation in metric British unit are shown in tables as per ASME/ANSI B36. 29 Kilogram per meter (kg/m) Check the Pipe Schedule Charts for Carbon Steel and Stainess Steel Pipe. 840 0. Order online with fast shipping direct to your door. 10 Steel pipes are manufactured in various grades and categorized into different schedules, each with specific standards for measuring pipe thickness. Feb 28, 2025 · Stainless steel sizes are usually determined by outer diameter and wall thickness. Price and Shop today! Chemical Composition Mechanical Properties sch 40 Pipe chart,Schedule 40 Pipe dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness, Welded and seamless steel pipe 1/2 inch to 144 inch OD ( Dimensions and weights section modulus and gallons capacity per linear foot ). 196 1/2 0. g. 6061 is the most commonly used aluminum alloy in the world due to its positive characteristics. Dimensions are given in mm and inch units. in Inches Outside Diameter Inches Inside Diameter Inches Wall Thickness Inches Weight Per Ft. 145 inches, an inside diameter of 1. 10M and B36. The size of pipes, fittings, flanges and valves are often given in inches as NPS - Nominal Pipe Size, or in metric units as DN - 'Diametre Nominal'. The actual wall thickness will be different but the schedule number can be the same on different pipe size. For easy reference, print out this up-to-date chart. We offer aluminum pipe for sale in 6061 and 6063. NPS is often incorrectly called National Pipe Size, due to confusion with national pipe thread (NPT). Pressure bearing capacity is measured and classified. PIPE SCHEDULE CHART USA Industries is the leading provider of industrial piping isolation solutions. Dimesion for all Pipe sizes and all schedule such as schedule 40,schedule 80 etc. For pipe schedules in inches or other steel pipe content, please visit Contact Us:https://www. octalsteel. NOMINAL SCHEDULE WALL PIPE SIZE OD DESIGNATIONS THICKNESS WEIGHT ID INCH Pipe Sizing Chart Aluminum Tube Sizing Chart - goknight. Standard Pipe Schedules Pipe Sizes Chart Table Data The following chart gives standard pipe schedule or pipes sizes as given by ANSI / ASME B36. 437 inches (11. How to describe steel pipe dimensions and size correctly? The article tells you the meaning of Pipe Schedule (like sch40, 80), NPS, WGT (LB/FT). In comparison to pipe dimensions, measuring tubing is by the OUTSIDE DIAMETER, specified in decimal or fractional inches. That is, the diameter of the outer edge of the pipe including the wall thickness of the pipe. Schedule 40 Aluminum Pipe 6061-T6-Extruded stock today on our website. This chart is for REFERENCE only. 237” wall thickness A 4-inch Schedule 10 pipe has the measurements: 4. 10 standard. It is the alloy best suited for anodizing applications - either plain or in a variety of colors. sch 40 Pipe chart,Schedule 40 Pipe dimensions, weight and pipe wall thickness, Welded and seamless steel pipe 1/2 inch to 144 inch OD ( Dimensions and weights section modulus and gallons capacity per linear foot ). Such as: 108X4, said the outer diameter of 108mm, wall thickness of 4mm pipe. 6061 is used where appearance and Pipe Wall Thickness: Utilize Steel Pipe Schedule, such as schedule 40 steel pipe or schedule 80 pipe. 6063-T6 Schedule 40 20' Lengths Stenciled ASTM B241 UNS A96063 Steel Pipe Weight Chart (Schedule 40 and 80 dimensions chart) Aluminum Pipe 6061-T6 Schedule 40 exhibits above average corrosion resistance, good machinability, high strength, light weight, good weldability, and the ability to be heat treated for even higher strength, all at an affordable price. 364 0. Pipe sizes up to 12" SCH 40 are in stock and available for immediate shipment. It only denotes that for a given material, Sch 40 Pipes can withstand certain pressures. Table 1: Pipe Schedule Chart Pipe Schedule 40 Dimensions Pipe Schedule 40 is a basic pipe thickness designator. 050 0. 10 (Steel Pipe) – Size : NPS 3 Inch – Size : DN80 mm – Inside Dimeter (Pipe ID) : 77. (-0+7/8 inch)<br>6061-T6511 Aluminum Pipe is extruded seamless pipe, that provides a high strength to weight ratio and can be easily formed, drilled and welded. Schedule 40 is a versatile pipe known for its proven performance. Where the higher the schedule number, the higher will be the thickness of the wall. 10M and API 5L standard. We supply aluminum pipe from 1/8 dia. 113 0. Steel Pipe Schedules and Dimensions The nominal bore is loosely related to the i/d of the pipe, there are different wall thicknesses or schedules available for each size, the o/d stays constant for each NB, the heavier the schedule of pipe the smaller the bore. Corrosion Resistance of Carlon Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 PVC Conduit and Fittings Carlon Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 are generally chemicals not on this list are manufactured or used because acceptable for use in environments containing the chemicals worker safety requirements dictate that any air presence or below. Pipe Diameters: Refer to Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) and DN (Nominal Diameter). 9 inch outside diameter with a wall thickness of 0. Shop aluminum pipe 6061 in a variety of sizes at OnlineMetals. Schedule 80 Plastic PVC, CPVC Pipe Sizes & Dimension Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Standard Tubes Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 40 Pipe Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 80 Pipe Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 160 Pipe Reference ANSI/ASME B36. 269 0. 085 1/4 0. com/steel-pipe-dimensions-sizes ANSI/ ASME B36. com/ Schedule Pipe (Wall Thickness Rating Pipe) is a key parameter used to standardize wall thickness in industrial piping systems, and its value (e. Apr 14, 2025 · Schedule 40 pipe balances durability and affordability. 19 Stainless Steel It is available in the clad form ("Alclad") with a thin surface layer of high purity aluminum to improve both appearance and corrosion resistance. . 10 (Steel Pipe) – Size : NPS 6 Inch – Size : DN150 mm – Inside Dimeter (Pipe ID) : 154. 840 inch OD), Schedule 40 (0. Get to know about Sch 40 pipes Size, Dimensions, and Pressure Rating, Wall thickness, Weights, Chemical Composition & Grades etc. 94 pounds per foot. 75 OD, . 088 0. 10M pipe schedule chart covers dimension and weight for seamless, welded carbon and alloy steel pipes from 1/8 upto 60 inch nominal pipe size diameter All pipes are specified using the NPS (Nominal Pipe Size) and schedule numbers. Pipe Reference Chart Shop aluminum pipe 6061 extruded t6 schedule 40 choose from in a variety of sizes at OnlineMetals. 622 0. It has excellent corrosion resistance, good workability and good machinability. 493 0. Aluminum Pipe 5086-H32 Schedule 40 & 80 Drawn Seamless Pipe 5086-H32 Schedule 40 Specifications: WW-T-700/5 Stocked in 20 foot lengths Aluminum Pipe 6061-T6 Schedule 40 exhibits above average corrosion resistance, good machinability, high strength, light weight, good weldability, and the ability to be heat treated for even higher strength, all at an affordable price. 94 mm – Outside Dimeter (Pipe OD) : 1016 mm – Pipe Wall Thickness : 9. Here are typical dimensions for Schedule 40 pipes, which can vary slightly based on the material (like PVC, steel, or copper): Outer Diameter (OD): The OD of Schedule 40 pipes is standardized according to the nominal size, but the actual OD can differ based on the Alloy & Carbon Steel SCH 40 Pipe Size Chart as per ASME B36. 000 inch Mar 2, 2018 · Share post: Schedule 40 Pipe 3 Inch DN80 Schedule 40 Pipe 3 Inch (DN80 mm) Standard : ANSI/ASME B36. All weights and dimensions are nominal. , for example – "2-inch diameter pipe, Schedule 40"). These environmental 6061 T6 Aluminum Pipe is an extruded aluminum product that is very versatile and has a wide range of applications. As the schedule number increases, the thickness of the pipe also increases. Pipe Size Chart : Pipe Reference Chart Confused about wall thickness and pipe schedules? Please use the following ANSI pipe dimension weight chart. Mar 22, 2022 · The most commonly used one is schedule 40. , Schedule 40, 80), along with the Nominal Pipe Diameter (NPS), determines the pipe’s ability to withstand pressure. P. The European (ISO) designation equivalent to NPS is DN (diamètre nominal/nominal diameter/Durchmesser nach Norm), in which sizes are measured Aluminum Pipe Sch. The following table will provide an example of Schedule 40 Steel Pipe Dimensions. 10M and includes Pipe wall thickness, outside diameter, nominal diameter. 53 mm – Pipe Weight : 236. 315 […] SCH 40 Aluminum Pipe SCH 80 Aluminum Pipe 6063-T52 x 20’ (Unless noted otherwise) 6063-T52 x 20’ (Unless noted otherwise) Size in Inches Approx. or Sch. ovc agj plisl empv aajdp dcwrr jaejs ranrhal kybv omqh